Directions: You are going to read three passages, each followed by 5 questions. You may consider each passage to be an early draft of a student essay. Some of the sentences need to be corrected or revised.

Some questions require decisions about the structure of individual sentences. Other questions require decisions about the organization and development of the passage or about the appropriateness of particular language in light of the overall tone of the passage. For each question, choose the answer that best expresses the intended meaning clearly and precisely and that follows the conventions of standard written English.

Questions 56 – 60 refer to the following passage.

(1) Research has found that the average person sees almost 3,000 ads every day. (2) That sounds impossible. (3) When we think about advertising, you usually think of TV and radio commercials, and ads in newspapers and magazines.

(4) Your clothes probably have a brand name on them - a very common form of advertising. (5) Many T-shirts and caps carry advertising for different products. (6) If you like to wear sports clothes, it probably carries the logo of a big international company or a professional sports team.

(7) Your favorite forms of entertainment are also filled with ads. (8) If you go to a soccer game, you would see the stadium had huge advertisements for all kinds of products. (9) Many soft drink companies put on concerts and other events. (10) In movies, you’ll see characters driving a particular brand of car, or eating a popular snack food, because the manufacturers of the products paid to be in the film.

(11) The problem with all these kinds of advertising is that after some time, consumers don’t notice them. (12) After we have seen ads on the train or in the bus many times we don’t even read them, therefore advertisers have to find unusual places for ads to surprise us and make us pay attention to them. (13) These days, you can find advertising in restaurant bathrooms, on ATM machines, and on the back of airplane seats. (14) On the Internet, one web page might have a dozen of ads, and you also find lots of ads in your e-mail. (15) Cars, taxis, and other vehicles have become moving commercials. (16) You see ads on public telephones, and in elevators. (17) There are even tiny ads on the apples in the supermarket. (18) As soon as, you’ll see ads pressed into the sand on beaches!